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Darwin on race and slavery
In order to
counter the smear and innuendo spewed forth by many antievolutionists on the subject
of Darwin and racism, here are some of Darwin's actual words on the subject of
race and slavery.
I
have watched how steadily the general feeling, as shown at elections, has been
rising against Slavery. What a proud thing for England, if she is the first
European nation which utterly abolish is it. I was told before leaving England,
that after living in slave countries: all my options would be altered; the only
alteration I am aware of is forming a much higher estimate of the Negros
character. It is impossible to see a negro & not feel kindly toward him;
such cheerful, open honest expressions & such fine muscular bodies; I never
saw any of the diminutive Portuguese with their murderous countenances, without
almost wishing for Brazil to follow the example of Haiti; & considering the
enormous healthy looking black population, it will be wonderful if at some
future day it does not take place.
―
Charles Darwin to Catherine Darwin (May 22 - July 14 1833)
The
Correspondence of Charles Darwin Vol. 1 1821-1836 (1985), pp. 312-313
While
staying at this estate, I was very nearly being an eye-witness to one of those
atrocious acts which can only take place in a slave country. Owing to a quarrel
and a lawsuit, the owner was on the point of taking all the women and children
from the male slaves, and selling them separately at the public auction at Rio.
Interest, and not any feeling of compassion, prevented this act. Indeed, I do
not believe the inhumanity of separating thirty families, who had lived
together for many years, even occurred to the owner. Yet I will pledge myself,
that in humanity and good feeling he was superior to the common run of men. It
may be said there exists no limit to the blindness of interest and selfish
habit. I may mention one very trifling anecdote, which at the time struck me
more forcibly than any story of cruelty. I was crossing a ferry with a negro,
who was uncommonly stupid. In endeavouring to make him understand, I talked
loud, and made signs, in doing which I passed my hand near his face. He, I
suppose, thought I was in a passion, and was going to strike him; for
instantly, with a frightened look and half-shut eyes, he dropped his hands. I
shall never forget my feelings of surprise, disgust, and shame, at seeing a
great powerful man afraid even to ward off a blow, directed, as he thought, at
his face. This man had been trained to a degradation lower than the slavery of
the most helpless animal.
―
Charles Darwin,
Voyage of the Beagle (1839), Chapter II
Here Darwin
notes the treatment of some Indians in So. America:
A
few days afterwards I saw another troop of these banditti-like soldiers start
on an expedition against a tribe of Indians at the small Salinas, who had been
betrayed by a prisoner cacique...Two hundred soldiers were sent; and they first
discovered the Indians by a cloud of dust from their horses' feet, as they
chanced to be travelling...The Indians, men, women, and children, were about
one hundred and ten in number, and they were nearly all taken or killed, for
the soldiers sabre every man. The Indians are now so terrified that they offer
no resistance in a body, but each flies, neglecting even his wife and children;
but when overtaken, like wild animals, they fight against any number to the
last moment. One dying Indian seized with his teeth the thumb of his adversary,
and allowed his own eye to be forced out sooner than relinquish his hold.
Another, who was wounded, feigned death, keeping a knife ready to strike one
more fatal blow. My informer said, when he was pursuing an Indian, the man
cried out for mercy, at the same time that he was covertly loosing the bolas
from his waist, meaning to whirl it round his head and so strike his pursuer.
"I however struck him with my sabre to the ground, and then got off my
horse, and cut his throat with my knife." This is a dark picture; but how
much more shocking is the unquestionable fact, that all the women who appear
above twenty years old are massacred in cold blood! When I exclaimed that this
appeared rather inhuman. he answered, "Why, what can be done? they breed
so!"
Every one here is fully convinced that this is the most just
war, because it is against barbarians. Who would believe in this age that such
atrocities could be committed in a Christian civilized country?
―
Charles Darwin, Voyage of the Beagle
(1839), Chapter V
I
must here commemorate what happened for the first time during our nearly
five years' wandering, namely, having met with a want of politeness. I was
refused in a sullen manner at two different houses, and obtained with
difficulty from a third, permission to pass through their gardens to an
uncultivated hill, for the purpose of viewing the country. I feel glad that
this happened in the land of the Brazilians, for I bear them no good will - a
land also of slavery, and therefore of moral debasement...On the 19th of August
we finally left the shores of Brazil, I thank God, I shall never again visit a
slave-country. To this day, if I hear a distant scream, it recalls with painful
vividness my feelings, when passing a house near Pernambuco, I heard the most
pitiable moans, and could not but suspect that some poor slave was being
tortured, yet knew that I was as powerless as a child even to remonstrate. I
suspected that these moans were from a tortured slave, for I was told that this
was the case in another instance. Near Rio de Janeiro I lived opposite to an old
lady, who kept screws to crush the fingers of her female slaves. I have stayed
in a house where a young household mulatto, daily and hourly, was reviled,
beaten, and persecuted enough to break the spirit of the lowest animal. I have
seen a little boy, six or seven years old, struck thrice with a horse-whip
(before I could interfere) on his naked head, for having handed me a glass of
water not quite clean; I saw his father tremble at a mere glance from his
master's eye. These latter cruelties were witnessed by me in a Spanish colony,
in which it has always been said, that slaves are better treated than by the
Portuguese, English, or other European nations. I have seen at Rio de Janeiro a
powerful negro afraid to ward off a blow directed, as he thought, at his face.
I was present when a kind-hearted man was on the point of separating forever
the men, women, and little children of a large number of families who had long
lived together. I will not even allude to the many heart-sickening atrocities
which I authentically heard of; nor would I have mentioned the above revolting
details, had I not met with several people, so blinded by the constitutional
gaiety of the negro as to speak of slavery as a tolerable evil. Such people
have generally visited at the houses of the upper classes, where the domestic
slaves are usually well treated; and they have not, like myself, lived amongst
the lower classes. Such inquirers will ask slaves about their condition; they
forget that the slave must indeed be dull, who does not calculate on the chance
of his answer reaching his master's ears.
It is argued that self-interest will prevent excessive
cruelty; as if self-interest protected our domestic animals, which are far less
likely than degraded slaves, to stir up the rage of their savage masters. It is
an argument long since protested against with noble feeling, and strikingly
exemplified, by the ever-illustrious Humboldt. It is often attempted to
palliate slavery by comparing the state of slaves with our poorer countrymen: if
the misery of our poor be caused not by the laws of nature, but by our
institutions, great is our sin; but how this bears on slavery, I cannot see; as
well might the use of the thumb-screw be defended in one land, by showing that
men in another land suffered from some dreadful disease. Those who look
tenderly at the slave owner, and with a cold heart at the slave, never seem to
put themselves into the position of the latter; what a cheerless prospect, with
not even a hope of change! picture to yourself the chance, ever hanging over
you, of your wife and your little children
– those objects which nature urges
even the slave to call his own
– being torn from you and sold like beasts to
the first bidder! And these deeds are done and palliated by men, who profess to
love their neighbours as themselves, who believe in God, and pray that his Will
be done on earth! It makes one's blood boil, yet heart tremble, to think that
we Englishmen and our American descendants, with their boastful cry of liberty,
have been and are so guilty: but it is a consolation to reflect, that we at
least have made a greater sacrifice, than ever made by any nation, to expiate
our sin.
―
Charles Darwin,
The
Voyage of the Beagle (1839), Chapter XXI
The following
story gives the detail for the comment at the end of the first paragraph from Voyage...
(immediately above):
Fitz-Roy's
temper was a most unfortunate one. ...We had several quarrels; for when out of
temper he was utterly unreasonable. For instance, early in the voyage at Bahia
in Brazil he defended and praised slavery, which I abominated, and told me that
he had just visited a great slave-owner, who had called up many of his slaves
and asked them whether they were happy, and whether they wished to be free, and
all answered "No." I then asked him, perhaps with a sneer, whether he
thought that the answers of slaves in the presence of their master was worth
anything. This made him excessively angry, and he said that as I doubted his
word, we could not live any longer together. I thought that I should have been
compelled to leave the ship; but as soon as the news spread, which it did
quickly, as the captain sent for the first lieutenant to assuage his anger by
abusing me, I was deeply gratified by receiving an invitation from all the
gun-room officers to mess with them. But after a few hours Fitz-Roy showed his
usual magnanimity by sending an officer to me with an apology and a request
that I would continue to live with him.
―
Charles Darwin, Autobiography of Charles Darwin
1809-1882
(restored edition)(1958), Nora Barlow editor, pp. 73- 74
Here Darwin is discussing the then
ongoing American Civil War. The letter is to American Asa Gray, a
Christian, noted botanist, and one of Darwin's scientific supporters:
"But
I suppose you are all too overwhelmed with the public affairs to care for
science. I never knew the newspapers so profoundly interesting. N. America does
not do England Justice: I have not seen or heard of a soul who is not with the
North. Some few, & I am one, even wish to God, though at the loss of
millions of lives, that the North would proclaim a crusade against Slavery. In
the long run, a million horrid deaths would be amply repaid in the cause of
humanity. What wonderful times we live in. Massachusetts seems to show noble
enthusiasm. Great God how I should like to see the greatest curse on Earth
Slavery abolished. ―
Charles
Darwin to Asa Gray (June 5, 1861) The Correspondence of Charles Darwin
Vol. 9 1861 (1994), p.163
Here Darwin
reminisces about his medical school days in Edinburgh Scotland:
By
the way, a negro lived in Edinburgh, who had travelled with Waterton and gained
his livelihood by stuffing birds, which he did excellently; he gave me lessons
for payment, and I used often to sit with him, for he was a very pleasant and
intelligent man.
―
Charles Darwin, Autobiography
of Charles Darwin 1809-1882 (restored edition)(1958), Nora Barlow
editor, p.51
Finally from Darwin's Descent of Man:
As man advances in civilisation, and
small tribes are united into larger communities, the simplest reason
would tell each individual that he ought to extend his social instincts
and sympathies to all the members of the same nation, though personally
unknown to him. This point being once reached, there is only an
artificial barrier to prevent his sympathies extending to the men of all
nations and races. If, indeed, such men are separated from him by great
differences in appearance or habits, experience unfortunately shews us
how long it is, before we look at them as our fellow-creatures.
― Charles Darwin, The Descent
of Man (1871), CHAPTER IV
So, was Darwin a racist? By
today's, hopefully, more enlightened standards perhaps he was, in that if you
were to ask him if he thought that Europeans were on average intellectually
superior to non-Europeans, he may have said that they are. But this is merely
speculation and I have yet to see any hard evidence that he did. However had he thought such things it would only mean that he was man
of his time and place and would have had nothing to do with
being an evolutionist
as there were many creationists at the time, Louis Agassiz for example,
who not only considered non-Europeans inferior, but who denied that whites and
blacks were even the same species believing that they were independently created
by God (polygenism).
It was in
Philadelphia that I first found myself in prolonged contact with
Negroes; all the domestics in my hotel were men of color. I can scarcely
express to you the painful impression that I received, especially since
the feeling that they inspired in me is contrary to all our ideas about
the confraternity of the human type (genre) and the unique origin of our
species. But truth before all. Nevertheless, I experienced pity at the
sight of this degraded and degenerate race, and their lot inspired
compassion in me in thinking that they were really men. Nonetheless, it
is impossible for me to repress the feeling that they are not of the
same blood as us. In seeing their black faces with their thick lips and
grimacing teeth, the wool on their head, their bent knees, their
elongated hands, I could not take my eyes off their face in order to
tell them to stay far away. And when they advanced that hideous hand
towards my plate in order to serve me, I wished I were able to depart in
order to eat a piece of bread elsewhere, rather than dine with such
service. What unhappiness for the white race ―to have tied their
existence so closely with that of Negroes in certain countries! God
preserve us from such a contact."
―
Louis Agassiz in a letter to
his mother (1846), quoted in Gould, Stephen The Mismeasure of Man
(1981) p. 44-45
Compare this above to Darwin's comments
on blacks and ask yourself why Darwin is attacked by creationists as racist
while they remain silent about the blatant racism of contemporary creationists
like Agassiz.
What we do know
of Darwin from the above quotes is that for a mid-19th century upper class, white, English male,
he was
very enlightened and "liberal" minded. He was a staunch abolitionist, he considered blacks
and Indians to be people, he felt disgust and horror at their mistreatment,
and he had much sympathy for their plight. Therefore singling Darwin out
among 19th century scientists for the label of racist is hardly fair.
As an aside many antievolutionists point to the complete title of Darwin's seminal
work; On the Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection or
the Preservation of Favored Races in the Struggle for Life, and claim that
the reference to "favored races" illustrates that his evolutionary
theories were intended to support racism. Contrary to such assertions this was not
a reference to human races per se (one should note that Darwin barely
mentioned humans at all in this book). Rather it was merely a reference
to localized variations within a species (generic), which may, in a changing
environment, grant greater survival value. None of the racist rhetoric
about the supposed inherent superiority of certain human races over others
was suggested or implied in
this.
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